2.2 Core Architecture

PEM utilizes a multi-layer architecture, which from top to bottom mainly includes:

  • Top Layer Applications : Solidity smart contract language, decentralized applications (DApps), payment transactions.

  • API Interface Services : Providing HTTP, TCP-related interface RPC framework services.

  • Distributed Ledger : Including transactions, blocks, block verification tools, receipts, state data, and transaction pool-related information.

  • Virtual Machine (PVM): The core execution layer for smart contracts.

  • Consensus : A hybrid consensus mechanism that combines Proof of Work (PoW) and Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) algorithms.

  • Network Services : Peer-to-peer node discovery and connection services, blockchain synchronization services.

  • Underlying Services : Database (levelDB, etc.), cryptography (elliptic curve algorithms, etc.), basic algorithms (MPT/Bloom/RLP, etc).

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